The Trumpet - A Delight for the Primal Senses essays

The Trumpet - A Delight for the Primal Senses papers The trumpet conjures the basic sense improvements of sound, sight, and contact through its reminiscent utilization of song, tone, and beat. The trumpet, of all the metal instruments, is the one that sounds the most like a human voice. It normally gives the tune of a jazz work due to the unmistakable, chime like sound of its notes. Its tone is one of clearness that can slice through the clamor of a group or crowd at a symphony. Its clamor transcends the dull bang of the lower-conditioned base instruments like the tuba, the automaton of the woodwinds, and the buzz of the string instruments. Indeed, even an undeveloped ear can distinguish the sound of a trumpet, as though its sound was hard-wired into the cerebrum from birth. When there is no artist, the trumpet is the voice of the symphony. Like kids react to their moms voices, so we react to the voice of the trumpet out of this basic memory, this affection for discourse and enunciation. The trumpets brisk notes of brilliance, not at all like the more smooth and troublesome tones of various areas of the symphony need no preparation to comprehend on the grounds that they address the core of the audience. In view of its informative force, a trumpet has been utilized when battling wars and preparing troops. Sometime in the distant past, no battling unit was finished without a trumpet. A trumpet can address dozing fastens when it goes about as a cornet to revitalize individuals alert, or to send the warriors snoozing during taps. Indeed, even numerous childrens camps have buglers to energize the youthful campers conscious and to send them to rest around evening time. A trumpet can likewise stable a call of triumph, one explanation that heavenly attendants are frequently delineated playing trumpets. Trumpets made the dividers of Jericho come tumbling down with their intelligible tenor voices, empowering equity to triumph, and reported the introduction of prophets. In numerous Christmas ditties, the sound of the trumpet is one of the included instruments, as Hark the Herald Angels Sing. ... <!

Two discussion questions see below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Two conversation addresses see underneath - Essay Example In a similar nation, roughly 1 million really hindered experience wrongdoing direct (Siegel, 2006). This implies in each three genuinely hindered individuals in south Belmont, one of them is more inclined to wrongdoing than the rest and do not have the delight of being a youthful resident since the person needs to perpetrate wrongdoing for food (Siegel, 2006). To the two young people and grown-ups, wrongdoing among the genuinely burdened is hugely excruciating and there is no one who does it because of fun yet impact from guardians, companions or lawmakers. The really distraught from families that are brutal are probably going to experience the ill effects of social, conduct, mental and scholarly issues than those raised in great environments. The best criminology hypothesis to clarify the Virginia Tech Massacre would be the Interactionist perspective on wrongdoing. It is as indicated by this view laws restricting homicide, assaults, and theft have political hints. The contention perspective on wrongdoing has a couple of instances of violations in the general public including police severity, lacking childcare and value fixing. This perspective on wrongdoing states that reality doesn't exist and subsequently violations are named either as great or insidiousness. The best model for this perspective on wrongdoing is individuals seeing a few movies while others can't on the grounds that they think they are not fitting (Siegel, 2006). Crooks censured under this perspective on wrongdoing in the Virginia Tech Massacre are for the most part marked pariahs since they conflicted with the social accord and standards. All the three viewpoint sees have valid statements yet I figure I would go for the contention perspective on wrongdoi ng since I is essential to recognize the contrasts between the lower classes contrasted with the high society and this is the main point of view that can really address the issue at

Letter From the Squirrels

Letter From the Squirrels I was passing through the Henry Administration Building on my way to class and saw a squirrel in a White Sox hatâ€"you know, the small plastic kind that they serve ice cream in. It was pasting this note outside of one of the rooms. I thought it might have to do with  that letter that the university sent to the squirrels, so I waited until it scurried away and then took a closer look. Here is what it said:   Universityâ€" We will not stop. Our behavior is very good. We have done nothing wrong except for stealing this marker. We have stolen some money too but not that much. It is you who is the thief. Tell your students to stop taunting us with food and taking pictures of us, or we will throw more acorns. â€"Squirrels Kate Class of 2020 I’m a senior here at the university, majoring in English and Math and minoring in Spanish. I’ve lived in Illinois all my life, sharing a room with my sister and many crickets. As the youngest in my family, I’m lucky enough to have my older siblings’ advice and perspective as I make my way through college!

Who Were Some of the Best Women Olympic Skaters

In the 1990s, a national survey named figure skating as Americans second most popular sport. 1st place went to football. Womens skating events are among the most popular attractions for viewers of each Winter Olympics. Adults admire the combination of grace and athleticism while Children — especially young girls — dream of a future as figure skating stars. Flashy costumes and dance moves combine with rigorous feats of strength in the figure skating events. The pairs skating and ice dancing events show women and men in partnership on the ice. Increasingly, women speed skaters captivate audiences as well. The three standards by which early Olympic officials judged whether an event was appropriate for ladies were beauty, form, and appearance. But early in Olympic figure skating history, before Sonja Henie introduced ballet-like moves, and more recently, athleticism in womens figure skating also had strong appeal. Since 1960, womens speed skating, emphasizing speed, stamina, and strength, has been included in the Olympics. While not as popular as the figure skating events, the popularity of womens speed skating has been growing. Is the popularity of womens figure skating a sign that gender stereotypes are alive and well — that women athletes are still more acceptable if they adhere strongly to traditional feminine stereotypes? Or does it just mean that many people are interested in sports that arent about speed, strength, and a little physical violence? Womens world championship figure skating dates back to 1902 when Madge Syers of Great Britain entered the London World Championship and finished second — just behind Swedish male skater, Ulrich Salchow. But the officials, who had not anticipated women entering the event, then barred women from the world championships. In 1905, a separate womens figure skating event was initiated, and Syers won the first two annual championships in that competition. Women Olympic Figure Skaters Some women Olympic figure skaters you should know: Sonja Henie: Norways Pavlova on ice brought ballet moves to the athletic routines. She went to Hollywood and toured in an ice revue, setting a standard many later figure skating champions followed.Barbara Ann Scott: She was nicknamed Canadas sweetheart.Tenley Albright: She was the first American woman to win the Olympic gold for figure skating.Peggy Fleming: She was a media darling and an early superstar.Dorothy Hamill: Her hairstyle and her personality won hearts worldwide while she won the Olympic gold.Debi Thomas: She lost the gold but became the first African American medalist at the Winter Olympics. After a short pro tour, Thomas went to medical school to become an orthopedic surgeon.Katarina Witt: She was an East German skater who dominated the sport and was famous as a touring professional.Nancy Kerrigan, Tonya Harding, and Oksana Baiul: Tonya Hardings husband and associates deliberately injured Nancy Kerrigan, her skating rival. Kerrigan was allowed a berth on the Olympic tea m though she had to miss the trials, Ukrainian Baiul skated to the Olympic gold past both of them.Tara Lipinski and Michelle Kwan: They were both excellent figure skaters. They were competitors in 1998 when Lipinski upset Kwan to become the youngest medalist in the event.More women figure skaters you should know about include Kristi Yamaguchi, Nicole Bobek, and Carol Heiss. Pairs Skating In pairs skating, male and female partners coordinate their figure skating, sometimes mirroring each other, sometimes complementing each other. Some women pairs skaters you should know: Irina RodninaEkaterina GordeevaTai Babilionia Ice Dancing In 1976, ice dancing was added as an Olympic sport, with more emphasis on dance and artistry and less emphasis on specific figures than figure skating. Some women ice dancers you should know include: Jayne TorvillIrina Romanova Speed Skating Speed skating for men was added to the Winter Olympics in 1924, and womens speed skating Winter Olympics competition dates back to 1960. Some women speed skating champions you should know include: Bonnie BlairCarol Heiss Jenkins

The Cask Of Amontillado, By Edgar Allen Poe Essay

Everyone has character flaws. Everyone has underlying characteristics that make himself or herself feel insecure, jealous, or irrational at times, and although these characteristics are not necessarily good, that does not make them bad either. These character flaws are special; they make each person who they are. These flaws show that people really care, love and appreciate one another, albeit a little too much at times; however, they also show people’s hate and despise for one another. This side of character flaws is explored in Edgar Allen Poe’s, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado.† Although Montresor believes that he is superior to Fortunato, they both demonstrate similar character flaws that make them seem very similar. The main characters in Poe’s, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, are Montresor and Fortunato. Montresor is the narrator, and he describes themselves as being friends, or acquaintances at the very least. Fortunato is presumably a noblemen of sorts, who emphasizes art and gemmary; he is also known as a gifted connoisseur as is Montresor. However, Montresor sees himself as far different as Fortunato, aside from the love of wines. Fortunato supposedly insulted Montresor, so Montresor has a deep seated hate of Fortunato that he has pledged to act on for retribution. This ultimately leads to the death of a drunken Fortunato one day during carnival season. Montresor is the narrator of the short story that is about a deed he did fifty years in the past, but his identity is notShow MoreRelatedThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe992 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allen Poe had many pieces of literature, but one in particular â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† reflected his personality. It is a short story that can be read easily, and can take on many ironies. The several ironies can point to the fact that Poe himself was implanted into the story as he was a mysterious man. There are several characters with different personalities often interpreted as Poe hiding his dark side which would be â€Å"Montresor†. The other personality Fortunato could be that drunken personalityRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe953 Words   |  4 Pagesseek revenge. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is a short story by the American poet, editor and story writer Edgar Allen Poe. This story is a tale of revenge touching on the da rker sides of human nature and at what lengths a man will go to achieve vengeance. We are told by our narrator Montresor that he had been insulted by a wealthy wine connoisseur named Fortunato. Montresor picks him out of the carnival and lures him into his wine cellar with promise of a renown sherry wine, Amontillado. Fortunato is baitedRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1052 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allen Poe was one of the most famed authors of death, decay, and depression in the 18th century. Poe started his writing career during the Romantic literature period, a period focused on nature, emotions, and a fascination with the supernatural elements. As writers started to write in this new genre, works started becoming dark, with an eerie feeling and a tone of death. Out of the Romantic era came the sub-classification of the Gothic genre. Poe started to embrace this new genre and his writingsRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1204 Words   |  5 Pagesbest could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge† (Poe 1). This line draws the reader into the story by bringing up questions like, what insults could have been done to deserve such revenge? The uniqueness in the question itself is that it turns the table of a classic mystery or gothic story (Mcgarth). Instead of asking â€Å"who did it,† the question is, â€Å"why did he do it† (Baraban Motive for Murder in Cask of Amontillado ). Montresor uses Fortunato’s strengthens and turns them intoRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe851 Words   |  4 Pagesabout â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Do hate someone, but act like they are your best friend to get something that you want from them? Edgar Allen Poe does in his story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† as he uses Montresor to tell Fortunato’s journey to catacombs and how he â€Å"conceives and executes an ingenious plan... for revenging† Fortunato (Gruesser 129). In â€Å"The cask of Amontillado† Poe uses tone, plot devices, and the setting to present the theme of appearances masking reality. To begin, Poe uses one toRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1025 Words   |  5 PagesJared Mourning English II Prof. Platt Thursday, March 3, 2016 Fortunato’s Misfortune In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† Edgar Allen Poe issues a warning that even your closest friends can stab you in the back when you insult them in the right way. Poe perfectly portrays the way someone you think is your best friend could just as well be your biggest enemy. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Edgar Allen Poe uses Montresor’s point of view, plot, and symbolism to convey the cold, merciless man who is MontresorRead More`` Cask Of Amontillado `` By Edgar Allen Poe1505 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allen Poe was a writer who sculpted every detail to create his desired â€Å"theme†. His short stories are mostly representing the murder of a character. The murderer, who is the narrator, explains the plan for the murder. The narrator destroys the humans around him through his destructive mind. The reason for the murder is revenge and hatred. In â€Å"Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† Poe utilized â€Å"unreliable na rrators,† he even created similarities between murder and victim to establishRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1492 Words   |  6 Pages McMullen 531-06 1 September 2014 Summer Reading The Cask of Amontillado In The Cask of Amontillado, by Edgar Allen Poe, Montressor is able to successfully manipulate Fortunato s arrogance and pride and use it against him as revenge. Montressor knows that Fortunato has a love for wine. Montressor tells Fortunato that he may have acquired Amontillado, a very nice wine. Montressor is not quite sure if the wine is Amontillado, but since Fotunato appears to be occupied Montressor saysRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1723 Words   |  7 Pages Were Montresor’s action in The Cask of Amontillado justified? Is killing someone justifiable? In Edgar Allen Poe’s short story The Cask of Amontillado that question is one that could be asked. The short story is about a man named Montresor and his quest to get revenge on his foe Fourtando who has apparently insulted Montresor. Around the time of the carnival season Montresor leaves his house to go find Fourtando and get his revenge he tells none of his servants toRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado, By Edgar Allen Poe884 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† by Edgar Allen Poe, one finds the horror throughout its pages. The ideas of unexplained revenge and images of scenes only getting darker and colder cause one to have feelings of dread and disbelief. The protagonist, Montresor, has waited fifty years to tell his story, and one has to question the reliability of what he is saying. Questions of true justice and the power of an insult arise, only magnifying those ideas of horror. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado ,† one sees a

Cosmic Creation Myth Free Essays

Cosmic Creation Myth across Culture Paper Kristin Sheffield HUM 105 For decades myths have been told about the development of the world. Each culture has their version of how life began. These myths are centered on creation; how the earth was created, how the sky, land or the sea was created, and how humans and animals were created. We will write a custom essay sample on Cosmic Creation Myth or any similar topic only for you Order Now These myths give cultures the security of belief. Different cultures believe differently, but these beliefs help certain cultures to continue to face problems or issues, worship, and create happiness and peace. The Enuma Elish Apsu, the father of Sweet Waters  and Tiamat, Mother of Salt Waters created 3 unruly children. The children gods were just being children, but unfortunately they were disrupting Tiamat’s peace. She grew to hate their behavior and asked Apsu to deal with them. When he tried they just ignored him. Due to their unwillingness to obey their parents Apsu’s resolution was to destroy them. Tiamat was very upset by this resolution. She told Apsu that his resolution was evil and they needed to be more understanding. Her pleas were ignored by Apsu. Apsu and Tiamat’s creations soon realized Apsu’s evil plans to destroy them. At first they cried, and then they succumbed to their fate. However somehow they had befriended Ea, the wisest God, who eventually killed Apsu and made his co-conspirator his slave. This is a Babylonian Myth. This myth later became the reason for a national holiday in which they â€Å"emphasized the reestablishment of order†, (Rosenberg. 2006). The Creation of the Universe Ife Olorun, the god with the greatest knowledge, had a son, Obatala, who wanted to create land where Olokun, the goddess of endless waters and wild marshes ruled. Obatala went to his older brother for advice on how to proceed. His brother’s gift was one of prophecy. He advised his brother and sent him on his way. Obatala did everything he said he’d do. He created land in the middle of marshy water; he then created plants. But he wanted more and more. While drunk on wine, he started playing with clay. He asked Olorun to â€Å"breathe life into them†, (Rosenberg. 2006). Once he sobered he realized they were imperfect. He decided never to drink that type of wine again and vowed to protect all the humans that suffered because he was drunk. He â€Å"became the protector of all those who are born deformed† (Rosenberg. 006). This myth came from Africa; the Yoruba people. They showed more emotion in their stories; Love, jealousy, sympathy and anger. As with many myths, the creators of these myths were neither male nor female. They were groups of people. The Enuma Elish myth was from the Babylonians and also the Assyrians as well. For The Creation of Universe Ife, this myth came from the Yoruba people of Africa. Together these myths share similarities about suffering and appreciation for what they have. In these myths something vital has to be restored in order to move forward. With the Enuma Elish it was the balance between good and evil. With The Creation of Universe Ife he became the protector of imperfect people. Both The Enuma Elish and The Creation of Universe Ife had mainly water as the major element. In The Enuma Elish both parent gods were from Salt or Sweet waters. Olokun, in The Creation of Universe Ife was god of mash and wild waters. In both myths anything that disrupted peace made the waters â€Å"surge back and forth† (Rosenberg. 2006). Another similarity was humans were created. In The Enuma Elisa Ea killed Kingu by severing his blood vessels. The first humans came from the blood. In The Creation of Universe Ife, Olorun â€Å"breathed life† into the clay for Obatala creating humans. The difference was Obatala wanted companions, but Ea’s purpose was to have the humans â€Å"serve the gods† (Rosenberg. 2006). These myths were designed to understand the unexplainable. Different cultures explained them differently. Each culture had god and goddesses. Stories of these gods and goddesses explained things to humans such as how we (humans) came to be; how the earth formed; why humans look differently from other humans or animals; etc. Different cultures believe how things came to be differently. It depends on their faith, religion, and beliefs as to what they will believe. In all the stories that are being told, it would only take a person with influence to announce the story is true in order for other people to start believing. Once other people start believing, the proof is optional. Reference Rosenberg, D. (2006). World Mythology: An anthology of great myths and epics (3rd ed. ). Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill. How to cite Cosmic Creation Myth, Papers

Shel Silverstein Essays - Childrens Poetry, Shel Silverstein

Shel Silverstein Chris Senn March 6, 2000 572 55 3153 Research Paper While I was growing up as a child, there were three authors whose works I read devoutly. One was Dr. Seuss and I liked his books so much that I am proud to say I have read every one published. The second author who had a profound impact on me was Jan Bernstein who is responsible for that loveable family The Bernstein Bears. The third is a poet, which is odd because I never have liked poetry. Shel Silverstein's children's poetry books were the only poetry I read until I was twelve and are the one's I still enjoy the most today as a young man. Shel Silverstein is known to most as the critically acclaimed children's poet, and before this project, I was unaware of the other things he had done. Shel Silverstein also did cartoons, served for his country during the Korean War, wrote folk songs, played the guitar, and probably most shocking to me, were his poems and drawings for Playboy Magazine which depicted fairly gruesome sexual acts as well as drug use, especially his own. Life experience seems to be the influence for his NC-17 rated material but I was curious to who influenced his witty, lyrical children's pieces. When studying Silverstein's poetry, you can see how the nonsense subjects and rhymes look similar to Edward Lear's nonsense poetry of one hundred and fifty years earlier and how the poetry of Ogden Nash, which Silverstein might have possibly read as a child, had influences on Shel's own pieces. However, the conclusion I have reached is purely hypothetical. Shel Silverstein once said he had no influences on his poetic style. In a 1975 interview with Jean Merciar, published in the February 24, 1975 issue of Publisher's Weekly, Silverstein said, ?When I was kid- 12, 14, around there- I would much rather have been a good baseball player or a hit with the girls. But I couldn't play ball, I couldn't dance. Luckily the girls didn't want me; not much I could do about that. So I started to draw and to write. I was also lucky that I didn't have anybody to copy, be impressed by. I had developed my own style, I was creating before I knew there was a Thurber, a Benchley, a Price and a Steinberg. I never even saw their work till I was around thirty. By the time I got to where I was attracting girls, I was already into work, and it was more important to me. Not that I wouldn't rather make love, but the work has become a habit? Even though Shel says nobody influenced his artistic abilities it is hard to believe that. Especially when you see how similar some of his pieces are to Edward Lear's. One of the most captivating things about Silverstein's poetry is that a sketch that he himself drew accompanies each one. They are usually funny, humorous sketches that add a visual interpretation to the poem. I thought that only Silverstein used such a technique but Edward Lear used the same idea during the 1850's. Besides similar artistic abilities they also made silly, goofy poems. Here's an example from Edward Lear: There was a Young Lady whose chin, Resembled the point of a pin; So she had made it sharp, And purchased a harp, And played several tunes with her chin. Along with that piece, there is a comical drawing of exactly what the poem says, a lady with a pointy chin playing a harp. There is a poem in Falling Up, by Shel Silverstein that uses the same techniques: Scale If only I could see the scale, I'm sure that it would state That I've lost ounces?maybe pounds Or even tons of weight. ?You'd better eat some pancakes- You're as skinny as a rail.? I'm sure that's what the scale would say? If I could see the scale. (Silverstein, p. 12) Of course there is a sketch of a fat man standing on a scale he cannot see, done by Shel himself. Besides being humorous pieces, there are other similarities you can derive. Both poets use the same phrase they used to start and to finish their respective poems. However, Edward Lear never took his poetry as far as Silverstein. Most of Lear's poems are five lines long

Pedictive and diagnostic model Essays

Pedictive and diagnostic model Essays Pedictive and diagnostic model Essay Pedictive and diagnostic model Essay Any predictive and diagnostic model of environmental change is dependent on the accuracy of its data and the soundness of its premises (Mortimore, 1998). In terms of form (or physical manifestation of the process of desertification), the received narrative promoted images of moving deserts and the southward movement of the Sahara (Swift, 1995). Yet there is considerable evidence to suggest that rather than a linear encroachment of such conditions, desertification occurs at particular points (Bernus, 1977 cited in Mortimore, 1998). The limitations of the method of analysis used by Lamprey (1975) and Ibrahim (1984) have been further exposed by subsequent studies. Following a series of investigations by Lund University throughout the 1980s, Helleden (1991) was able to state that; none of these studies verified the creation of long lasting desert-like conditions in the Sudan during the 1962-1984 period there was no trend in the creation or growth of desertification patches around 103 examined villages and water holes over the period 1961-1985. No major shifts in the northern cultivation limit were identified [and there were] no major changes in vegetation cover and crop productivity which cannot be explained by varying rainfall characteristics. Similar results were evident in the Manga Grassland survey by Mortimore in 1989. By comparing aerial plots of the dunes over the period 1950 -1969 with the boundaries delimited by the Forestry Commission Survey in 1937, he concluded that many of the basic characteristics of the area showed continuity over time (Mortimore, 1989). Also this time span covered a period of considerable settlement, agricultural intensification and expansion leading to doubt over the basic hypothesis of desertification (ibid, 1989). In terms of a process, it has already been noted that desertification may be more usefully considered with reference to its individual constituents of desiccation, drought and degradation (Warren, 1996). But a further point should also be raised here. Namely, that the desertification is often perceived as a disruption to a stable, equilibrial natural system. There is considerable evidence to suggest adequately represent dryland environments; they are unstable and disequilibrial in the short term and transitional in the longer term (Mortimore, 1998). In terms of both the form and process of desertification, the accuracy of its premises and data may be found wanting on both counts. The utility of the concept may be further questioned when the its structural causation mechanisms of population growth is considered. The very definition of desertification automatically limits the conceptualisation of dryland sustainability, through the inherent assumption of the failure of human management systems to cope with increasing population pressure (Adams, 2003). Within a desertification narrative therefore, there is little room for the possibility of adaptation and flexibility of management techniques and practices by ordinary people (Mortimore, 1998; Adams, 2003). The dominance of large-scale studies that have an emphasis on quantitative analysis (such as remote sensing) rather than micro-scale perspectives that focus upon the social science aspect of the problem may explain this omission (Mortimore, 1998). A number of studies in the last decade have sought to de-link the implicit connotation of population growth and environmental degradation that has been central to the desertification narrative. Such analyses draw on the ideas of Boserup (1965), suggesting that increasing population pressure can provide the stimulus for innovation and agricultural intensification, for example through increased cropping intensities and the introduction of land saving techniques. Tiffen et al. (1994) examine the case of the Machakos District in Kenya, where there has been considerable concern over the sustainability of agriculture since 1930s colonial administrators attempted to implement soil conservation measures. They used a variety of historical and current sources, such as oral history, to undertake the study. They show that increasing population densities have facilitated more productive agriculture and greater specialization and exchange within society (ibid, 1994). Specific strategies include migration, the diversification of incomes (including non-agricultural incomes) and agricultural intensification (ibid. , 1994). The area cultivated increased from 15 percent of the district in the 1930s to between 50 and 80 percent in 1978, and the land supports a population that has grown almost fivefold, from about 240,000 in the 1930s to about 1. 4 million in 1989 (ibid, 1994). The photographs of Kiima Kimwe in 1937 and 1991 (below, left and right respectively) clearly illustrate the use of careful terracing and subsequent increases in productivity through the planting of banana and other trees (Drylands Research website, 2003). Tiffen et al. s (1994) study illustrates how local communities can respond spontaneously to land degradation and make land improving investments that significantly increase productivity over time. Applying the desertification framework in this situation would be of little utility in the explanation of population growth concurrent with continued or even improved prospects of sustainability. Incorporating the idea of sustainable livelihoods and of social, human and human-made capital may be a further help to examining what the concept of desertification has missed through its biophysical sustainability bias (Serageldin, 1996). Such ideas open the possibility for a number of other inputs that may compromise, or indeed uphold, the sustainability of dryland production systems. An analysis of the social system in dryland production can point to the need for a sustainable social as well as natural system for the continuing use of the environment. Through the integration of this perspective, Murton (1997) is able to question whether Tiffen et. als (1994) these examples of sustainable resource use have been compatible with the maintenance of sustainable livelihoods in such marginal African environments such as the Machakos. Murtons research (1997) adds further dimensions the consideration of dryland production systems, including a requirement to consider how polarization and global markets can also impact upon the sustainability of this environment. The integration of the complex social and economic adjustments that embody the everyday decisions of local people has considerable potential to explain the disjuncture between the doomsday predictions of desertification narratives and small-scale evidence on the ground (Mortimore, 1998). An analysis of the history of the concept of desertification can easily lead to conclusions about how science got it wrong, with a consequent attribution of blame which is all too resonant with earlier desertification narratives (Thomas, 1997). A more thorough consideration will recognise that science necessitates the constant refinement and evaluation of ideas by default (ibid. , 1997). This points to the need to ensure the transmission of uncertainty at the science-action interface and a careful reconsideration of how scientific concepts can be taken selectively or used out of context (ibid, 1997). In this way, the legacy of the desertification narrative may yet prove useful as an important reminder of the differential needs of science and policy and the need for a more cautious approach to scientific truth and objectivity. This has been neatly conceptualised as the tension between models of environmental change as heuristics or truth machines by Wynne Sackley (1994, cited in Mortimore, 1998). From a slightly different perspective, an understanding of desertification may be considered critical precisely to move beyond it (Swift, 1996). Until the ghost of the received narrative is laid to rest in national governments and in major NGOs, the deconstruction (versus the understanding) of desertification will be key to the comprehension of dryland production systems (ibid., 1996). In conclusion, the narrative of desertification may be considered as particularly unhelpful to an accurate understanding of the many facets of sustainability in dryland production systems. Definitions of the terms are problematic, contested and confused, leading to problems for clear and concise communication on the topic. Moreover, the scientific evidence and data upon which the narrative is premised has been shown to be seriously flawed and also coloured by ignorance and prejudice towards indigenous livelihoods and technologies. As such the consideration of dryland sustainability in the framework of desertification may be seen to incomplete and also misguided. However, this is not to say that credible work on drylands has not been performed, nor that real environmental problems do not exist in these ecosystems. Although the term has continued to be adopted in policy circles, the use of an alternative, such as dry land degradation, may prove useful in the longer term and particularly when trying to identify effective interventions. Knowledge of the desertification narrative however, may be seen to provide an important reminder of the need to actively manage the use of science as a basis for policy, particularly when in complex issues that contain a substantial element of uncertainty. An analysis of the way in which powerful institutions have harnessed the power of the desertification narrative is also important for its deconstruction and for the possibility of its succession by a concept that is more attuned to the real and substantive issues of dryland sustainability. References Adams, W.M (2001) Green Development: environment and sustainability in the Third World. Routledge: London Adams, W. M Mortimore, M. J. (1997) Agricultural intensification and flexibility in the Nigerian Sahel Geographical Journal 163:150-160 Drylands Research Organisation Website (accessed 19/11/2003) The Machakos Study (available online at drylandsresearch. org. uk/dr_machakos. html) ICIHI (1986) The Encroaching Desert: The Consequences of Human Failure A Report for the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues. Zed Book Ltd: London.

Forest transpiration is an element in the water cycle

Forest transpiration is an element in the water cycle Transpiration From Forest Woody Plants Transpiration is a term used for the release and evaporation of water from all plants including trees that is released out and into the Earths atmosphere. Nearly 90% of this water exits the tree in the form of vapor through small pores called  stomata  on leaves. The leaf cuticle covering located on the surface of leaves and corky lenticels located on the surface of stems also provide some moisture. The stomata are also specially designed to allow carbon dioxide gas to exchange from air to assist in  photosynthesis  that then creates the fuel for growth. The forest woody plant locks up carbon-based cellular tissue growth while releasing residual oxygen. Forests surrender large volumes  of water into the earths atmosphere from all vascular plant leaves and stem.   Leaf transpiration  is the main source of evapotranspiration from forests and, at some cost during dry years, give up much of its valuable water to the Earths atmosphere.   Here are the three major tree structures that aid in forest transpiration: Leaf stomata  -   microscopic openings on the surfaces of plant leaves that allow for the easy passage of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. Leaf cuticle  - a protecting film covering the  epidermis or skin of  leaves, young shoots, and other aerial plant organs. Lenticels  -  a small cork pore, or narrow line, on the surface of woody plant stems. In addition to cooling forests and the organisms within them, transpiration also helps to cause a massive flow of mineral nutrients and water from the roots to the shoots. This movement of water is caused by a decrease in hydrostatic (water) pressure throughout a forests canopy. This pressure difference is mainly caused by water endlessly evaporating from the tree leaf stomata into the atmosphere. Transpiration from forest  trees is essentially the evaporation of water vapors from plant leaves and stems. Evapotranspiration is another important part of the  water cycle of which forests play a major role. Evapotranspiration is the collective evaporation of plant transpiration from the Earths land and sea surface into the atmosphere. Evaporation accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources such as the soil, canopy interception, and waterbodies.   (Note: An element (such as a forest of trees) that contributes to evapotranspiration can be called an   evapotranspirator.) Transpiration also includes a process called guttation, which is the loss of water dripping off uninjured leaf margins of the plant but plays a minor role in transpiration. The combination of plant transpiration (10%) and the evaporation from all bodies of water to include the oceans (90%) is responsible for all of the earths atmospheric moisture. The Water Cycle The interchange of water between air, land and the sea, and between organisms living in their environment is accomplished through the water cycle. Since the Earths water cycle is a loop of occurring events, there can be no starting or ending point. So, we can start learning about the process by beginning where most water exists - with the  sea. The driving mechanism of the water cycle is ever-present solar heat (from the sun) which warms the waters of the world. This spontaneous cycle of naturally occurring events creates an effect that can be diagrammed as a spinning loop. The process involves evaporation, transpiration, cloud formation, precipitation, surface water runoff, and the percolation of water into the soil. Water at the seas surface evaporates as vapor into the atmosphere on rising air currents where the resulting cooler temperatures cause it to  condense  into clouds. Air currents then move clouds and particulate materials which collide continuing to grow and eventually falling out of the sky as precipitation. Some precipitation in the form of snow can accumulate in polar regions, stored as frozen water and locked up for long periods. Annual snowfall in temperate regions will usually thaw and melt as spring returns and that water returns to fill rivers, lakes or soaks into the soil. Most precipitation falling onto land will, due to gravity, either percolate into the soil or will flow over the ground as  surface runoff. As with snow-melt, surface runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape with  streamflow  moving water towards the oceans. There is also groundwater  seepage that will  accumulate and is  stored as freshwater  in aquifers. The series of precipitation and evaporation continually repeats itself and becomes a closed system. Sources:     Ecology and Field Biology, R.L. Smith (buy from Amazon)         Transpiration and the Water Cycle, USGS

The major differences between the exoteric and esoteric path of Islam Essay

The major differences between the exoteric and esoteric path of Islam - Essay Example The exoteric path in contemporary Islam is composed of moderates and outnumbers the esoteric path of the radicals but still stands hijacked by nascent Islamic radicalism. Islam is typically perceived as one, whole and uniformly practiced religion but reality belies this simplified disposition. The paths of exoteric and esoteric Islam are well differentiated and this paper seeks to discuss the major differences between both. The largest difference between the exoteric Muslims and the esoteric Muslims is their attitude towards the propagation of religion. The esoteric Muslims see Islam as the ultimate solution for mankind and believe that it their responsibility to enforce Islam around the globe. Such quarters see Islam as the final solution for every problem that mankind faces ranging from emotional problems to population control. Sayyid Qutb, one of the founding fathers of modern radical Islam argues in his text Milestones (Qutb 57): â€Å"... annihilate all those political and mate rial powers which stand between people and Islam ...† In contrast, the original teachings of Islam are far more peaceful and refrains the believer from imposing his version of religion on the other person, whether Muslim or non Muslim. The Prophet of Islam was a staunch believer in religious pluralism including within Islamic realms. The Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, has been quoted as saying (Ernst 1045): â€Å"Difference of opinion is a mercy for my community.† Additionally, religious pluralism has been favored in the sacred text of Islam, the Quran. The Quran’s second chapter, Al Baqra, declares openly that the believers are not allowed to force other people into their religious fold. Islam has historically relied on preaching through peaceful means including open interaction with non Muslims. The earliest traditions from Islam, including the time when early Muslims were being prosecuted in Makkah, show that forced conversions and the imposition of religious doc trine on other religions was not allowed. The same can be said of the times when the Muslims were in power and had taken control of large swaths of the globe. The reign of Umar is mentionable in this regard. In around a decade Umar was able to expand the Islamic frontiers manifold through armed conflict but again Islam was not imposed on the conquered people (Ahmed 34). Instead, Islam was spread in most of the conquered areas through open interaction with the non Muslims. Even with the existence of evidence to the contrary, today’s radical Islamists are bent upon furthering Islam through violent means. A major problem that Islam faces like other major religions is the loss in translation. Islam was originally revealed in the Arabian Peninsula and the medium of communication and instruction remained Arabic. The Prophet Muhammad was Arab and was not instructed in other languages, so his entire set of instructions for Islam has been preserved in Arabic. Similarly, the Quran was revealed and the scribed in Arabic too. There were initially no problems as to the use of Arabic since the early converts and most of the converts in the Prophet’s own lifetime were Arabs. However, as the Islamic empire began to spread under the Rightly Guided Caliphs, the need for taking up other languages became apparent. It was felt that translating massive works of Quran and Hadith into other languages would abrade the meanings of the original texts. In an effort to

Corporate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Corporate finance - Essay Example Therefore, the depreciation for the last is uniform and equal to $ 9,143. In the second scenario, a brand new control system at a cost of $600,000 is installed. The revenue remains the same, but the operational costs are reduced to $1,020,000. The calculation of revenue, operational costs, tax depreciation, and pre-tax profit, company’s tax, after tax income, cash flow, present value and net present value are calculated as in the first scenario. In the two scenarios, overhauling mark 1 would take it out of service for 6 months and it would resume commercial operation after an year. In the calculation done, the revenue is obtained starting second year and the operational costs are calculated from second year. The tax depreciation however, starts from the first year and the after tax income for the first year is seen to be negative meaning a loss is incurred in the first year since investment have been made yet no revenue is earned. The amount obtained after selling Mark 1 is assumed to be part of the cash used to purchase the new plane and is therefore, deducted from the initial cost. The total operating cost is the sum of annual operating costs incremented by 2.5% inflation rate every year for 20 years. There is no operating cost in the first year as the plane is delivered in the second year. From the analysis done above and the calculation of Net Present Value of the two scenarios involving overhauling of Mark 1 plane and buying a new plane, the following recommendations are hereby presented. The investment that gives a higher Net Present Value is the best provided they have the same lives (Hill 26). Overhauling Mark 1 without purchasing new control system gave an NPV of $ 150,050 while if a new control system is purchased, the NPV is $365,942.10. From the two results, inclusion of a new control system gave a higher NPV and hence considering the two options, the best investment is to purchase a new control system for the plane. When annual

Inter-professional Working and the Needs of the Patients

Inter-professional Working and the Needs of the Patients QUESTION I Not sharing information is detrimental to inter-professional working Indeed, the needs of patients are best met by the inter-professional team, the evidence indicates that collaboration can promote coordination, cooperation between carers and significantly improve patient outcome and resource management (DoH, 2000, 2001a, 2001b). ‘Inter-professional’ working has thus become popular following pivotal policies drafted to structurally re-shape the National Health System (NHS) and influence how professional groups work together (DoH 2000, 1998, 1997). The literature has thus seen an upsurge in studies investigating patient oriented inter-professional collaborations with evidence for the positive impact of good, innovative inter-professional practice (Freeman et al, 2000), some of which have been seen in the areas of acquisition of clinical skills via inter-professional approach (Freeth, 2001, Freeth and Nicol 1998), management of acutely ill patients (Smith et al, 2002), palliative care (Vickridge, 1998) and in the sphere of care of older peo ple (Tierney and Vallis, 1999). Collaboration between professionals and their teams, mutual respect, the sharing of knowledge, skills, decisions and the recognition of the contribution of participating professional/teams highlight the integrated nature of inter-professional work (Molyneux 2001; Ovretveit (1997). Nevertheless, several factor militates against inter-professional working; these include information unshared, poor communications skills/methods and language differences (Caldwell and Atwal 2003; Pietroni, 1992; DOH, 1991), role overlap and confusion (Caldwell and Atwal 2003), conflicting and unequal power relationships (Caldwell and Atwal 2003; Blane,1991), different ideologies (Caldwell and Atwal 2003), differing perception of patients needs and treatment goals (Stevenson 1985) role confusion (Opuko, 1992) and a persisting tendency to promote professionalism in work settings. Areskog (1988) and Carpenter (1995) suggested that if collaboration ideologies is included in the qualification programmes of professionals and exemplified at that early stage, it will lead to better inter-professional working as issues of differing perceptions of treatment goals and patients’ needs will be tackled along with professional ‘stereotype’ that become impediments of meaningful inter-professional work. In view of this, the work of Freeth and Nicol (1998, attached) is an important study that sheds light on the barrier, opportunities, benefits and perhaps the way forward for inter-professional education and practice. The study was described as innovative programme of shared learning in acute care, involving final year medical students and newly qualified staff nurses and was developed in response to the indistinct professional role of junior doctors and the expanded roles of nurses. The programme utilized patient scenario which was pertinent to the partic ipants area of practice for the training purpose. The authors defined inter-professional education as â€Å"learning with and from each other† and reports from a supportive climate, the description and analysis of an inter-professional clinical skill course for newly registered nurses and senior medical students. While the benefits of inter-professional working was a strong motivation for the training/study, the authors deemed inter-professional learning as difficult and fraught with practical problems; the non-resolution of which may lend further support to critics of the initiative. The Clinical Skills Initiative was a collaborative venture between a School of Nursing Midwifery and a Medical School (Studdy et al 1994). The importance of information sharing was underscored by the fact that the entire programme had communication skills taught, and role played using realistic patient scenarios. This was thought to have made for a balanced diet of clinical and communication skills that is vital for high quality patient care. A background to this was the development of the Inter-professional Skills Centre that ensured that the channels of communication between the two Schools were strengthened and inter-professional relationships was well established. This in the opinion of the authors provided the inter-professional initiatives with an infrastructure, and a supportive climate underpinned by common understandings, thus, enhancing the chances of success (Freeth and Nicol 1998). The course provided an inter-professional arrangement that allowed for an inter-change of information thus enabling members of the nursing and medical professions to learn from each other. Such sharing of information was shown from the analysis of field notes, interviews, flip chart and questionnaires to have promoted mutual appreciation of expertise and the roles of both profession in contributing to overall patient care. In a case scenario where the participants were told that conservative management of a patient’s leg ulcer has failed and surgery was needed, it was interesting to note that both professionals, in small inter-professional groups, explored issues surrounding informed consent, focusing on the information needed to make an informed decision and the way in which this should be communicated to patients and relatives (Freeth and Nicol 1998). Undoubtedly the sharing of information here improved the outcome of the deliberation. The result suggests that the study was a positive experience for the participants; they were able to contribute something to the overall patient problem solving, drawing upon each other’s practical experience, and specialized knowledge. They shared information even during social interactions, as much of any waiting time was employed to enquire about each others ward-based experiences (Freeth and Nicol 1998). The registered nurses saw the inter-professional training as a great chance to learn new clinical skills and commented that the education made obvious what should have been done in their past experiences. Additionally, some participants from the medical profession had technical questions relating to ward procedures and their rationale. These were addressed to the staff nurses and information exchange was again beneficial to both team members, thus confirming the authors’ assumption that nurses ward experience is an asset for inter-professional training. A member of the medical team considered the inter-professional education to have ‘un-smudged’ some of the boundaries in roles and highlighted the need to work together and communicate. Overall, this article is relevant to the understanding of the vital ingredients needed for an inter-professional education that will promote current health policies and maximize patients’ benefits. The article indicates the im portance of ‘information sharing amongst professionals’ for the success of inter-professional collaborations. Caldwell and Atwal (2003) highlighted a number of problems of hospital inter-professional practice, a significant number of which can be attributed to ‘not sharing information’. A case involving a staff nurse, a consultant, an occupational therapist, social services, the patient and a hoist was described. The staff nurse considered the hoist as important for the authorised discharge of the patient and was concerned that one has not been issued; this was expressed at a multidisciplinary team meeting. However, underlying the ill-feelings of the professionals is the fact that information about varying perception of what should be the optimum care strategy for the patient has not been shared or negotiated. According to Caldwell and Atwal (2003), uknown to the occupational therapist the staff nurse had received pressure from the consultant to discharge this patient, and unknown to the staff nurse the occupational therapist is contending with social services who are suggesting that this patient could benefit from further rehabilitation and therefore should not be issued a hoist. It is thus reasonable to suppose at this point that team members’ innate un-willingness or the inability to share information or communicate is detrimental to inter-professional working. Professionals in such teams or settings should necessarily share information to promote an understanding of each others role and care plan thus fostering the approach of a team working toward optimum patient oriented goals in a well orchestrated manner (Cooper et al, 2001). The issue of role boundaries was also highlighted in the Freeth and Nicol (1998) study; sometimes however, it is a case of role overlap and confusion amongst professionals, for example, nurses and junior doctors. This has become apparent especially since Government policies now favour expansion of nurses’ role and reduction in the hours worked by junior doctors (DoH (1994). Clarity of these professional functions is important for practitioners in the ever changing inter-professional interface (Taylor 1996). It may be argued for instance, that why should a physiotherapist wait to have a wheelchair prescribed only after patient assessment by an occupational therapist when the former also have the requisite assessment skills. Clear definition of roles and optimum utilisation of professional resource capacities will make for an enhanced inter-professional practice and patients benefit. Other issues of importance to inter-professional working identified in the article included stereotypes, inter-professional barriers, and a tendency for some professionals to minimize the importance or value of the work of other professionals owing probably to excessive emphasis on professionalism during training. These issues are constraints to effective patient care and need be properly addressed for the optimum functioning of an inter-professional initiative. While works, such as those of Freeth and Nicol (1998) clearly demonstrate the benefits of inter-professional education, background schooling for the majority of professionals still take place in mono-disciplinary settings that fosters professionalism and stereotyped image/ expectations of other professionals (Leiba 1996). This trend cannot achieve the policy aims of effective collaborative working (DoH, 2000; 2001a; 2001b; 1998; 1997). A key solution will be the provision of support for inter-profession education/training as exemplified by Freeth and Nicol (1998); it is an integrated approach with potential for preparing professionals to encourage inter-professional practice. QUESTION II Part A: Points learnt include: The benefits of inter-profession working A positive outlook on multi-disciplinary teams that inter-relate for better patient outcome The need for interest in other professions and an understanding of their roles. The importance of ‘sharing information’ effectively with other healthcare professionals, patients and relatives while maintaining patient’s autonomy and confidentiality Professional need for effective communicate skills The need to be involved in therapeutic decision making and care plan formulation that earns patients’ concordance. An important practical message in the considering of inter-professional education/work is the need for attitudinal changes; the immediate effect of which in clinical practice, includes the readiness to share relevant information with clinicians to promote effective delivery of care, the perception of other professional as equally making valuable indispensable contributions to patient care as well as a positive outlook on inter-professional working. These attitudinal changes are necessary for the efficient local practice of inter-professional working. McGrath (1991) showed that the benefits of inter-professional working includes but is not limited to (1) efficiency in human resource allocation and the optimum utilization of capacity within the team, i.e. specialist staff focus on specialist skills/cases (2) efficient delivery of health care with improved patient outcome and (3) increase in job satisfaction for members of the inter-professional team arising from the support of willing team members and an enabling work environment. Inter-professional working could thus have improved the clinical outcomes in a number of the hospital cases that in my experience has led to grave loss or patient suffering. The recent experience was in the care of hospital in-patients with a clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis without any history of fracture and on a frailer group of patients with advance bone changes usually having sustained fracture/s (CSP 2002) and for which NICE (2005) has provided a guideline for the secondary prevention of fragility fractures. The patients were managed at any of the 11 wards representing medicine, surgery, orthopaedic and elderly care wards of a tertiary care facility in London during an 8-week placement period. Gross observation revealed treatment gaps in meeting guideline recommendations for the management of these patients in the areas of risk of fall assessment and referral to multi-factorial fall risk assessment and intervention clinic. There did not seem to be a unified format or standard for the assessment of fall risk within the 11 wards and risk of fall was not assessed in more than 50% of the cases in which this was a guideline requirement, perhaps, due to confusion in role identity and the location of this responsibility amongst the professional concerned. The clinical records of these patients showed that both nurses and physiotherapist assessed fall risk criteria and reported this in different formats. Proper integration of the services and communications between these professionals as prescribed within the frame work of inter-professional working will avoid needless duplication of effort, the waste of resources and clinicians time. Saved time could then be expended by either of the professionals in improving quality of care and quality time spent with patient; this is in addition to improved consistency in patients’ records and the ease of continued care should there be a need for patients to moved between wards of the unit. Part B: While Government policy has reflected a cultural shift by way of imposition of radical changes to the way in which health services are organized and delivered, there are distressing problems that make inter-professional working an arduous task. The issue of power and its distribution within the health institution is here of prime importance. There exist unequal power distributions between health care professionals, often leading to organizational and working structures that are impediments to inter-professional working. (Carrier and Kendall, 1995; Kgppeli’ 1995; Blane, 1991). Power is often in the domain of the older, more established medical profession; and there has been a pattern of domination over other professionalized disciplines, such as nursing, social work and other allied health professions (Kgppeli’ 1995; Hugman, 1991). The study of Manias and Street (2001) revealed that nurses faced many difficulties that practically precluded them from participating in therapeutic decision making for patients to whom they maintain permanent physical, emotional and sensitory closeness (Kgppeli’ 1995). Manias and Street (2001) found that nurses on medical ward rounds answered ‘doctors’ questions only, were not encouraged to give unsolicited information about the patient and hence found it very difficult to present relevant patient issues during a medical ward round. An enormous amount of literature has been written on the nurse-doctor relation; a significant portion of these appear to imply that the powers and influences of medical profession are hindrances to development of nursing. From a historical standpoint, it is logical to think of health professions as complementary to each other, however, the fact that they are organised ‘around’ a patient, that they ought to cooperate for his benefit seems secondary if not trivial (Kgppeli’ 1995). There is a lingering tendency to maintain professionalism and to expect ‘predetermined behavior’ of other health care professionals. The domination of one professional over the others within a health team is a major factor that can strengthen the boundaries between the professional groups engaged in inter-professional working and constrain effective teamwork (Beattie, 1995). Power in-balance within the inter-professional team will also encourage the making of many ‘rules’ and regulations that are capable of controlling major aspects of professional practice (Kgppeli’ 1995), thus making un-necessary any substantial discussion intended to individualise care and improve clinical and social patient outcome. The care and management of a hospitalised patient cannot be achieved by one person, neither is one professional group capable of the task. It is always a complex multidisciplinary phenomenon (Kgppeli’ 1995) in which the integrated knowledge and skill of people with different professional backgrounds makes for better clinical and social patient outcome. Hence, leadership within inter-professional team should not be ‘zoned’ to one profession as such will be detrimental to the optimal functioning of the initiative. The leadership need be more inspirational and stimulating, enabling other team members to respond positively to opportunities presented by developing improved knowledge and skills in managing professional practice and inter-professional relationships. According to Colyer (1999), non medical professional members of the team who are willing to assume the demanding responsibilities of full membership of the inter-professional teams should also be made to feel a sense of belonging and responsibility to the integrated patient oriented goal of the team. References: Areskog N-H (1988) The need for multiprofessional health education in undergraduate studies. Medical Education 22:251-252 Beattie A (1995) War and peace among the health tribes. In: Soothill K, Mackay L, Webb C, eds. Interprofessional Relations in Health Care. Edward Arnold, London: 11–26 Blane D (1991) Health Professionals. In: Scambler G ed. Sociology as Applied to Medicine. Bailliere Tindall, London Caldwell K and Atwal A (2003) The problems of interprofessional healthcare practice in hospitals British Journal of Nursing 12 (20)1212 1218 Carpenter J (1995) Doctors and nurses: stereotypes and stereotype change in interprofessional education. Journal of Interprofessional Care 9 (2): 151-161 Carrier J, Kendall I (1995) Professionalism and interprofessionalism in health and community care: some theoretical issues. In: Owens P, Carrier J, Horder J, eds. Interprofessional Issues in Community and Primary Health Care. Macmillan, London: 9–36 Colyer, Hazel (1999) Interprofessional teams in cancer care. Radiography 5: 187-189 Cooper, H., Carlisle, C., Gibbs, T. and Watkins, C. (2001) Developing an evidence base for interdisciplinary learning: a systematic review, Journal of Advanced Nursing 35(2): 228–37. CSP: Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP, 2002) www.csp.org.uk. DoH (1991) Working Together: A Guide to Arrangements for Inter-agency Cooperation for the Protection of Children from Abuse. DoH, London DoH (1994) Implementing Caring for People: Training and Development. HMSO, London DoH (1997) The New NHS: Modern, Dependable. The Stationery Office, London DoH (1998) A First Class Service: Quality in the New NHS. DoH, London DoH (2000) The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment, A Plan for Reform. The Stationery Office, London DoH (2001a) National Service Framework for Older People. The Stationery Office, London DoH (2001b) Working Together, Learning Together: A Framework for Lifelong Learning in the NHS. The Stationery Office, London Freeman M, Miller C, Ross N (2000) The impact of individual philosophies of teamwork on multiprofessional practice and the implications for education. J Interpr of Care 14(3): 237–47 Freeth G (2001) Sustaining interprofessional collaboration. J Interprof Care 15: 37–46 Freeth D and Nicol M (1998). Learning clinical skills: an interprofessional approach. Nurse education Today 18, 455-461 Hugman R (1991) Power in the Caring Professions. Macmillan, London Kgppeli’ Silvia (1995) Interprofessional cooperation: why is partnership so difficult? Patient Education and Counseling 26: 251-256 Leiba Tony (1996) Interprofessional and multi-agency training and working British Journal of Community Nursing 1 (1): 8 12 Manias E and Street A (2001) Nurse–doctor interactions during critical care ward rounds. J Clin Nurs 10:442–50 McGrath M (1991) Multi-disciplinary teamwork. Avebury, Aldershot Molyneux J (2001) Interprofessional teamworking: what makes teams work well? J Interprof Care 15: 29–35 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE 2005) Bisphosphonates (alendronate, etidronate, risedronate), selective oestrogen receptor modulators (raloxifene) and parathyroid hormone (teriparatide) for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. Technology Appraisal Document No 87. Opuko D K (1992) Does Interprofessional cooperation matter in the Care of Birthing Women? Journal of Interprofessional Care 6(2): 119-25 Ovretveit J (1997) Evaluating Health Interventions: An Introduction to Evaluation of Health Treatments, Services, Policies and Organizational Interventions. Open University Press, Buckingham Pietroni P C (1992) Towards Reflective Practice The Languages of Health and Social Care. Journal of Interprofessional Care 6(1): 7-16 Smith G, Osgood V, Crane S (2002) ALERT: a multiprofessional training course in the care of the acutely ill adult patient. Resuscitation 52(3): 281–6 Stevenson O (1985) The community care of frail elderly people: co-operation in health and social care. Br J Occup Ther 48: 332–4 Studdy S J, Nicol M J, Fox-Hiley A (I994) Teaching and learning clirdcal skills, Part 1: Development of a mullidisciplinary skills centre. Nurse Education Today14:177-185 Taylor J (1996) Systems thinking, boundaries and role clarity. Clin Perform Qual Health Care 4(4): 198–9 Tierney A, Vallis J (1999) Multidisciplinary teamworking in the care of elderly patients with hip fracture. J Interprof Care 13: 41–52 Vickridge R (1998) Collaborative working for good practice in palliative care. J Interpr of Care 12: 63–7

Dow Pbb

Dow Chemical By Kai Draaisma Laurens de Blij Diedrik Oost Eva Sloff Lesley Flohil 13-11-2012 Duisenberg School of Finance Executive summary 1. Summary of Facts. With an annual revenue of $20. 2 billion Dow held the leading market position worldwide in ethylene and polyethylene (exhibit 1b). To consolidate all of Bahia Blanca’s polyethylene activity under Dow’s control a three-stage plan was developed. The first stage involved taking control of PBB, the second stage involved acquiring Polisur’s two polyethylene plants, and the third stage involved building a new ethylene cracker.To determine a proper risk premium Dow had to consider possible country risks. Currency and government policy risk may have had an impact because of possible future crises and changing government policies relevant to foreign investments. Furthermore, because of the ending of the convertibility law Dow also had to consider a possible exchange-rate risk. Dow created a holding company, Dow In vestment Argentina, to invest in the project, then they had to decide whether they will use general corporate funds or raise debt for the PBB bid. 2. Statement of problem . 1General analysis Rational for Acquisition of PBB Dow Chemical’s corporate strategy is to look for horizontal- and vertical integration, achieve technological leadership and gain international presence. Dow will benefit from a more integrated production process by lowering their cost of production. PBB will also create stable supplies of ethane for Dow allowing them to achieve operating rates near 100%. Cracking ethane in the region will result in lower operating risk for Dow meaning the supply/input risk for the production of Polyethylene.An increase in the production output of Dow will allow them to benefit from economies of scale. Overall Dow will gain technology leadership and operational excellence from adding PBB to their company and enhance them with a costleader position in the market required to c ompete with the government-subsidized chemical complexes. Risk measurement In this section we provide a brief risk analysis. Table 1 is designed to give a compact overview of the different risks, possible mitigating actions and whether the risks are integrated in the cash flow or discount rate.Not every risk was applicable in the acquisition of PBB. The risk that influenced our cash flows the most is the currency risk caused by a possible liquidity crisis in Argentina. Argentina has experienced eight major currency crises (tijd/reference)and there is a risk of a new currency crisis in the future. When this happens, Dow will not be able to sell its output to the home country and will have to increase its export. Revenue de We have also taken into account that the convertibility law that now provides stability could eventually stop. This will also have a significant impact on inflation.Operating risk is the second risk with a large impact on projected cash flows. This is mostly the ri sk of not meeting the full operating capacity. For the first 3 years we keep the operating rate of the plant at 65% and from 1995 we increase the operating rate by 5% each year. Other risks had less of an impact on our cash flows. Information risk was less of an issue because Dow was already present in Argentina and PBB was important to the government of Argentina. Corporate Governance risk in Argentina is not expected to have a significant additional impact on cash flows.This risk is already included in the discount rate for similar projects in the US. Table 1: Risk overview| Risk| Mitigating actions| Cash Flow (CF) or Discount rate (DR)| Corruption risk| 1. Have a large bank loan from a national bank. 2. Government stake of 49% here is a mitigating factor | DR| Expropriation risk| Same actions as for corruption risk| CF (tax wil increase 5%)| Operating risk (only post/ completion risks )| n/a| CF| Sovereign risk| Through the convertibility law, the peso has been anchored to the US D to prevent hyperinflation. | DR| Currency/ Foreign exchange risk| 1.Dow is a well diversified investor, therefore this should be mitigated. 2. Buy put options on the Arg peso. | CF| Corporate Governance risk| Give shares to management to align incentives. | DR| Repatriation risk| Current political climate is stable, not likely that Arg will impose limits on fund outflows. | DR| Information Risk| Dow Chemical already has presence in Argentina, therefore are more likely to receive high quality information. | n/a| Adjusted discount rate All risks that are not used for adjusting cash flows are integrated in the adjusted discount rate.These risks include but are not limited to corruption risk, information risk, hyperinflation, sovereign risk, repatriation risk and other residual risks. These risks are partly mitigated, however all the different risks combined constitute a premium which we will add on to the the given discount rate for similar projects in the US of 8%-10%. A reasonable assumption for the combined premium will be [ ]. The auumed premium results in a discount rate of [ ] which we will use in our further valuation. 4. Recommendation Bidding decisionCompeting bidders need to comply with certain covenants (exhibit 6). Competitors Perez Companc S. A. and Copesul do not comply with the requirements of having a statement of net worth of at least 5 billion. Even if the two companies would merge they do not meet the the requirements. This makes Dow the sole bidder for PBB. This has a profound impact on the internal valuation. Appendix 1 Risk Information risk. When you are doing a cross-border valuation you have to take into account that there may be information risk.This includes the risk of outside investors getting the wrong information because of poor disclosure in the financial statements. However since Dow entered Argentina in 1957 we assume they are familiar with the market and accounting rules, therefore information risk for this project is low as Do w chemical has already collected country experience in Argentina via Dow Quimica. Because this is difficult to quantify we have taken this into account in our discount rate. Corruptionrisk. The risk of corruption includes the illegal payments and favors outside the rule of law.Corruption exists to some extent in all countries, but there are large differences across countries. According to the Global Corruption Index by Transparancy international, the level of corruption for Argentina in 1995 was given a 5. 24 out of a possible score of 10. This gave them a ranking of 24 out of 42 countries surveyed. All of which were assumed to be developed countries. However, Dow somehow secured itself thanks to PBB’s importance and the Argentine government’s intention to keeps 49% which is an advantage and not a disadvantage.The Argentine government will also appreciate the jobs being created in the later project stages, if successful, and a good relationship with the government will likely also be beneficial when discussing with YPF about long-term ethane supply. Mitigation: Part of this risk can be mitigated by taking a loan in Argentina to finance the project as the government will not want Dow to default on their debt resulting in an overall bad outcome for Argentina’s economic situation. Furthermore part of this risk is mitigated as the government has a stake in the company so it is also in their interest to keep the company strong.Currency risk: As Argentina has experienced 8 major currency crises in the past there is the risk of a new currency crisis occuring in the future. Even though the convertibility law took away some of the risk, Dow will still have to bear in mind that when a crises happen, they will not be able to sell their output to the home country and will have to increase its export. This risk is taken into account in the cashflows. Expropriation risk. Political instability or expropriation is small as they company has had a stable dem ocratic government past 12 years.However, changes in the policy of the government will cause a risk for Dow and their foreign investments. At that moment there were no restrictions on borrowing abroad and there were no limits imposed on payments of foreign loan principal and interest. If something changes in this regulations it may have an effect on the acquisition of Dow. For this reason we will also include this risk in our discount rate. Furthermore the government has no limits on cash flows going out of their country but can eventually decide to do so.We consider the risk of the government taking over the company to be low as the production of polyethylene and deriving ethylene from hydrocarbon crackers is complex. This is a process for skilled people and not just anyone can therefore run the company properly. The risk of expropriation is therefore low. As the production of ethylene and derivatives such as polythylene is a highly complicated process, requiring large captial inve stment and a high operating leverage, not many companies will be able and willing to take over the business.Furthermore as Polythylene is a commodity product that trades globally with a narrow price range. Mitigation:Dow can decrease the risk exposure by taking on a loan in Argentina to finance their project. This will decrease the risk exposure as Dow can only default on their debt when the government decides to raise taxes, which will not lead to a company default. Foreign Exchange Rate Risk. Foreign Exhange rate risk will be low because of Dow Chemical’s international presence and the assumption that shareholders are sufficiently diversified. The convertibility law which ensured a fixed Argentine peso and U.S. dollar at exactly one already decrease the foreign exchange rate risk. However we need to take into account the risk that the convertibility law might come to an end. Mitigation: The risk can be decreased by setting up binding financial contracts with the governmetn to make sure the deal will happen. Furthermore Dow could decide to place a put option on the peso to protect themselves when the peso collapses. Operating risk Pre-completion: as the project is already completed there is no risk concerning the technology risks or other completion risk.Post-completion: we have included the post-completion risk in our cashflows as we run the risk of not meeting the full operating capacity. For the first 3 years we keep the operating rate of the plant at 65% and from 1995 we increase the operating rate by 5% each year. As the company provides their own input this risk does not need to be taken into account. Operating risk would likely matter but we handled that risk by adjsuting down our casfhlows in stage 1 so we do not take it into account for adjusting our cost of capitalSovereign risk Politcal events suchs as wars, labor strikes, terrorism and changes in laws can happen in any country you work with and therefore needs to be taken into account. Sinc e it is hard to quantify this risk we have handled it through the discount rate. Appendix 2 | | Source: Erb, Harvey Viskanta, ‘Poltical risk,Economic risk and Financial risk’, Fuqua School of Business Working Paper No. 9606, 1996. | ——————————————– [ 1 ]. For broader explanation of the different risks see Appendix 1 [ 2 ].According to the Global Corruption Index by Transparancy international the level of corruption for Argentina in 1995 was given a 5. 24 out of a possible score of 10. This gave them a ranking of 24 out of 42 countries surveyed. All of which were developed countries more or less. Source: http://archive. transparency. org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/previous_cpi [ 3 ]. See Appendix 1 for an explanation of the mitigating factors of the before mentioned risks [ 4 ]. This conclusion was reached byTaking the ‘total assets’ as net worth on the financial statements of Perez on Copesul (exhibit 8a &8b).

The Positive Aspects Of Happiness - 901 Words

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Genetically Modified Organisms Or Gmos - 1231 Words

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